The triple bombings in Brussels that killed 31 people serves as a reminder that despite almost 15 years since 9/11, there has been a fundamental failure among Muslims from the  government level down to the community level to confront the sectarian drivers radicalizing Muslims towards violence.

Belgium, like other parts of Europe, is a hub for Islamism, an ideology that has spread globally for almost 100 years through Salafi  interpreted Qurans, school curricula, media programming, social and civic institutions throughout the world. The result has been in many cases the demise of diverse indigenous Muslim cultures from Africa to Indonesia. President Obama in a recent interview, noted his shock in the increase of hijabi women in Indonesia, a place where he lived for a few years as a child. He attributed it to the success of fundamentalist proselytizing.

Gilles Kepel, professor and chair of Middle East Studies at the Institute of Political Studies in Paris, concluded in the 1990s that European Muslims were becoming vulnerable to the Salafist movement, which urged Muslims to return to a literalist and austere “authentic Islam” that rejected integration in western countries and advocated for the infusion of Islam in every aspect of daily life. This group, Kepel argued in 2005, is responsible for 30 terrorist attacks between 2001 and 2005 throughout Europe.

Yet, Salafis comprise less than one percent of the global Muslim population. The majority of Muslims are not Salafi, they are Sunni and Shia. Within these two strains of Islam, further branches unfurl into more diverse interpretations of the faith – where music, art, and culture has flourished for hundreds of years -- despite ISIS’s continued destruction of their shrines, tombs, and history along with those of other indigenous religious groups.

As immigrants to Western countries, the majority of these men and women fled autocratic regimes and aspire to raise their children in better circumstances wherever that might be. As a result, and even among well-settled Muslim families, faith is a personal matter, and practiced along cultural norms, not by the out-of-context doctrinal rules that even non-violent extremists demand.

More importantly, there are Muslims who identify with Islam from a cultural, rather than purely spiritual perspective. Their identity is affirmed by their faith even if they practice nominally or not at all. These individuals exist in Muslim-majority countries, as well as in the West. They are gay, straight, liberal and conservative. They are themselves targets of extremism, and yet are nevertheless lumped together with radicalized Muslims when the media, politicians and Muslim leaders insist on only speaking in terms of Islam or not Islam. The truth is much more subtle than that.

The origins of Salafi jihadism can be traced to the Muslim Brotherhood, founded in 1928 in Egypt. One of the organization’s central ideologues is Sayyid Qutb. Qutb argued that living under Islamic law was the corrective corrupt societies needed. The brotherhood’s motto summarizes Qutb worldview with the simple statement, "The Quran is our constitution."

Yet, Muslim youth encounter a disproportionate number of fundamentalist organizations and literature when they want to learn more about their faith, as the Telegraph noted in a November 2015 article.

With both Muslim and non-Muslim communities trying to understand how to prevent the next terrorist attack, it should be important to concede the connections between Salafism and extremism. As one former grand Imam from the Mosque in Mecca concluded, “ISIS is a product of Salafism.”

To engage in this real war of ideas, Syed Hossein Nasr recently published a translation of the Quran in English. CNN asks, “Could this Quran curb extremism?” The commentaries are informed by Sunni and Shia scholarship and address issues that ISIS is accused of taking out of context or reading too narrowly in order to justify its violent extremist agenda.

The Study Quran is a chance to also address the Islamist organizations, and worldview broadly through revised curricula in schools, counter-narratives via social media, and sermons at religious institutions wherever needed.  Sunni Islam’s oldest and well-respected institution, Al-Azhar, in Egypt, has also called for sweeping educational reforms. The grand Imam, Sheik Ahmed al-Tayeb, called “corrupting” interpretations of Islam for the violence done in Islam’s name at a conference in February 2015.

These are more thoughtful and simply better solutions to overly broad and fear-based reactions to murderous attacks, and must be part of a future without them.

Welcome to the View from the U.K., perspectives on the state of extremism, radicalisation, and counterterrorism in a country challenged by the threat of ISIS recruiting and home-grown violence

On 2 February 2016, representatives of tech giants Google, Facebook, and Twitter appeared in front of the U.K. Parliament’s Home Affairs Select Committee as part of its Countering Extremism Inquiry.

Facebook hosts 1.59 billion accounts across the world, Twitter has 320 million users, and Google, just the previous day, had become the largest company in the world. Google’s subsidiary YouTube sees 400 hours of video uploaded every minute. In short, these companies provide very powerful platforms for communicating used by people all over the world.

The U.K. Anti-Terror Police Chief Mark Rowley had reported to the Committee in 2015 that cooperation between U.K. security authorities and Internet-based services were less than ideal, going as far as to say that some Internet platforms were “undermining” counterterrorism activities.

Understandably, none of the social media company representatives were prepared to accept responsibility for dissemination of extremist narratives but were quick to condemn them. There was a reticence from the representatives to even admit that their platforms were being utilised by extremists to spread their messages. Most notable is that none of the companies stated that they monitored the content of their websites or had teams dedicated to ensuring that extremist and terrorist activity was reported to the authorities. Instead, they relied on users (i.e. the general public) to report activity that was of concern. Twitter argued that its platform was inherently transparent but failed to recognise any responsibility for keeping an eye out for dangerous or inappropriate activity.

The representatives included Dr. Anthony House, Head of Public Policy Strategy for Google Europe, the Middle East and Africa; Simon Milner, Policy Director for U.K. Facebook; and Nick Pickles, Head of U.K. Public Policy for Twitter. They were asked how many requests they had received from the British authorities for information on their users in relation to terrorist activity. Google had 1,200 requests in 2013 and 3,000 in 2015, a significant rise but still relatively small considering their vast customer base. Twitter reported that they had less than 300 requests in the last six months of 2015. The Committee Chair asked the three if social media companies tipped off account holders who were under surveillance, but a straight answer was not forthcoming. Twitter works with law enforcement on a case-by-case basis, the committee was told, and decisions are made on whether to notify users about investigations that are content specific. Facebook’s requests from authorities are similar in number to Google’s and they don’t tip off account holders under investigation in the U.K. They may, however, do so in the U.S. because of differing legal considerations.

In terms of counter-extremism activity, Facebook and Google launched respective innovative programs to empower users to take action against extremism. Facebook’s Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI) was announced recently as a three-year program in Berlin, and is aimed at combatting online extremism and hate speech. OCCI provides a better understanding of social media platforms and helps people respond to hate speech and extremism online, promoting the civil courage that already exists amongst Facebook users. Facebook will also provide financial and marketing support to European NGOs already working in the field of countering online extremism, help develop best practices for use by NGOs, governments, and other online services, and fund essential research into the causes of violent extremism and hate speech, in order to better understand these problems.

Google’s AdWords Grant program is beginning a pilot that would run ads against terrorism-related search queries. Under the programme, users who search for extremist-related material are to be shown counter-radicalisation links. The initiative, aimed at combatting the online influence of groups such as ISIS, is running alongside another pilot scheme designed to make counter-radicalisation videos easier to find on YouTube.

Twitter did not mention anything similar but claimed that they could be of assistance in terms of expertise. Twitter made clear, however, that they would not be involved in counter messaging. Whilst they might not be the creators of an extremist message they are certainly providing a platform for hate speech that can be propagated unchecked and unchallenged. Of more concern is the fact that Twitter does not seem to elevate reports of extremist content. There is one avenue for reporting all types of inappropriate content and it is not particularly streamlined or efficient. As Twitter admits, they rely on the public to flag content, so it is alarming they do not empower users properly.

Some Social media companies are beginning to take action against extremists’ misuse of their online platforms. Nonetheless, the programs are relatively new and small. These companies must continue to work cooperatively with NGOs, industry, and governments to tackle extremists’ recruitment, propagandizing, and incitement to violence even before it begins. 

Reading - and watching - the news out of Syria, it is difficult for observers to find grounds for optimism. The “peace talks” hosted by the United Nations collapsed in Geneva before they ever reached takeoff speed. The “cessation of hostilities” agreement negotiated between the United States and Russia that went into effect February 27 is riddled with loopholes, and violations have been alleged almost daily. If Russia’s continued bombardment of the anti-Assad opposition under the guise of counterterrorism is any indication, the truce will break down sooner rather than later.

The reason has been well explained by Laurent Fabius, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs: “There can’t be a political negotiation when one side is murdering the other.”

That is certainly an apt characterization of the state of affairs in Syria today.

Nowhere is this more apparent than in the ancient city of Aleppo, once home to more than two million people and currently at the forefront of the battle between the Assad regime and its moderate opposition. Renowned as a stronghold for fractious but non-jihadist rebels, Aleppo, about 60 miles from the Turkish border, has been contested terrain since 2012. In 2014, a broad array of rebel groups associated with the Free Syrian Army joined forces to rid the city of ISIS fighters, but now it is almost entirely encircled by Assad's forces, bolstered by the Iranian Quds Force, Iraqi Shiite militias, and Hezbollah. Overhead, the Russian air force hit supply lines to the city and its civilian infrastructure, including hospitals and schools.

A narrow corridor remains open for residents of the besieged city to escape to safety, and 70,000 people fled prior to the announcement of the cease fire. Turkey, however, has sealed its border after already accepting more than two million Syrian refugees during the past five years of strife. The undermanned and ill-equipped Free Syrian Army still controlled and defended the eastern half of Aleppo, while the regime continued to tighten the noose.

The city’s strangulation will continue apace without a credible threat of force from U.S. and NATO forces, which almost certainly isn’t in the offing, or unless the ceasefire takes hold and leads to serious political negotiations. Even if the ceasefire collapses and pro-government forces drive rebels from Aleppo, it does not mean that Assad will succeed in his declared ambition to reclaim control over the whole of Syria. That possibility still looks remote, so long as ISIS maintains control over a vast stretch of territory from eastern Syria to western Iraq. (ISIS’s position is reasonably secure given that the coalition against it seems content to wage a battle of attrition, hemming in the jihadist army at the margins but not attacking its strategic reserves.)

What is conceivable is that, after years of international demands for a political transition in Syria, the Assad regime will manage to cling to power. The official U.S. demand in August 2011 that Assad “step aside” was effectively disowned when Secretary Kerry admitted recently that an interim government might have a place for Mr. Assad.

The offensive in the outskirts of Aleppo demonstrates the sound rule that political leverage generally follows battlefield success. In other words, as a senior U.S. security official recently admitted to the New York Times, a military solution to the Syria crisis is at hand. It’s “just not our military solution.” The military solution, so long shunned by the West, is being supplied instead by the Russian-Iranian-Syrian-Hezbollah axis.

The families of American victims of Iranian-sponsored terrorism could soon see a small measure of justice in the form of financial compensation after many years of pursuing legal action against Iran. However, as surprising as it sounds, the last hurdle preventing the potential payout could be the U.S. Supreme Court.

Iran has been found liable for billions of dollars for sponsoring terrorist attacks that killed hundreds of Americans. In 1996, Stephen Flatow, father of terror victim Alisa Flatow, lobbied to change American law in order to allow U.S. citizens to sue foreign sponsors of terrorism. His legislative success sparked a succession of terrorism lawsuits, largely against Iran.

In 2001, a lawsuit was filed against Iran by families of some of the 241 servicemen killed in the 1983 Hezbollah bombing of the United States Marine barracks in Beirut. In 2003, a federal judge found Iran guilty of financing the attack and eventually awarded the families $2.65 billion in compensatory damages. Unfortunately, collecting has been a long and arduous process that has taken the plaintiffs through Congress and now the Supreme Court.

On one side are 1,300 victims of Iranian-sponsored terrorism, including representatives of 173 of the 241 victims killed in the 1983 Marine barracks attack. At stake is $1.75 billion in Iranian funds that were frozen in 2012. On the opposing side is the Bank of Iran, arguing the constitutionality of the distribution.

Specifically at issue in this Supreme Court case, Bank Markazi (Bank of Iran) v Deborah Peterson, argued on January 13, is whether Congress unconstitutionally overstepped its bounds in writing and passing the 2012 Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act.

The bill greatly strengthened U.S. economic sanctions against Iran in an effort to compel Tehran to abandon its illegal nuclear weapons programs, its support for global extremist groups, and other dangerous policies. It also specifically addressed the Marine barracks victims’ lawsuit, allowing U.S. courts to seize the frozen assets of Iran’s central bank, Bank Markazi, to pay down the debt to the victims.  Lower courts have upheld the constitutionality of the 2012 law, but lawyers for the Bank of Iran argued that the law effectively directs a particular result in a single pending legal case and Congress therefore violated the Constitution by encroaching on the role of the federal judiciary.

The Supreme Court is not hearing arguments about Iran’s guilt. It will rule before the end of its term in June solely on whether Congress overstepped its authority in writing the 2012 law. A win for the victims would result in $1.75 billion being divided among the families. A win for the bank would make it more difficult, but not quite impossible, for those same American victims to collect damages.

The families of those killed by Iranian sponsored terrorism have waited a long time for justice. No amount of financial compensation can return what Iran took from them, but it does exact some form of punishment on Iran for its actions. Further, an Iranian acknowledgement of its guilt—even if forced—would shine a spotlight on Iran’s continued support for global terrorism.

Seven law professors specializing in national security issues filed a brief in support of the plaintiffs. The victims of the Beirut barracks and other Iranian horrors have also received support from the

Obama administration and both parties in Congress in their search for justice. Still, the Supreme Court will have the final say in this case based not on the certainty of Iran’s lawless behavior, but on a rather narrow constitutional question.

Welcome to the View from Brussels, a perspective from the de facto capital of Europe on the state of counterterrorism, extremism, and radicalisation throughout the European Union.

On December 15, the European Commission unveiled plans for a single, EU-wide Border and Coast Guard. The Commission’s proposal comes in response to the roughly 1.5 million refugees who crossed into the European Union “illegally” in 2015, an extraordinary migration not seen at such a scale since the end of World War II.

While the proposed plan would dramatically enhance border control capabilities, the proposal has been called into question for potentially violating the sovereignty of Member States.

The European Union Border and Coast Guard would replace the current EU border force, Frontex, which has been overwhelmed by the refugee crisis due to exceedingly limited financial resources, capacity, and authority. A strengthened and unified border control agency would help EU Member States cope with the ongoing refugee crisis and better protect Europe’s citizenry, particularly in light of the recent terrorist attacks in Paris and the rise of far-right, anti-immigrant political parties in parts of Europe.

The proposed European Border and Coast Guard package includes:

• A reserve pool of border guards and technical equipment that would be available at the disposal of the EU Border and Coast Guard for increasing rapid response capabilities;
• A larger role for the agency in returning illegal migrants, which would include escorts, monitors, and return specialists;
• Enhanced coordination with non-EU countries to better secure Europe’s external borders;
• An enhanced focus on internal security within Europe, including cross-border crime and terrorism risk analysis; and
• The “right to intervene” in EU Member States when deficiencies along external borders are identified.

The proposal notably calls for the creation of a rapid response force of at least 1,500 guards that could be deployed with three days’ notice, and enhanced technical and operational cooperation at all levels of a common EU border force. The rapid response agency’s budget would also be expanded to nearly double that of Frontex—from €143 million to roughly €280 million a year by 2017.

The proposal is monumental for the EU Union because of the inclusion of the “right to intervene.” This gives the multinational force the authority to deploy to any EU Member State without the consent of that country—a dramatic shift on the issue of national sovereignty within the EU.

EU leaders agreed to expedite consideration of the European border guard proposal. On 18 February during the EU Summit, the European Council concluded that “as far as the ‘European Border and Coast Guard’ proposal is concerned, work should be accelerated with a view to reaching a political agreement under the Netherlands Presidency [June 2016] and to make the new system operational as soon as possible.”

However, the notion of a single EU force that can intervene in any EU Member State without the consent of that country is likely to face a lengthy and uphill battle. Nonetheless, the refugee crisis shows no signs of slowing, and there remains ever increasing security concerns throughout Europe. EU nations will have much to consider.

More information on the proposed European Border and Coast Guard is available here.

ISIS shootings, suicide bombings, and mass beheadings are documented on a daily basis. However troubling these frequent reports may be, the broader picture is even more frightening; the terror group has amassed far more firepower than explosives and guns. Multiple authoritative reports describe an ISIS arsenal complete with chemical weapons, scud missiles, American tanks, and anti-aircraft missiles.

It’s not surprising that an opportunistic killing machine like ISIS has stockpiled a multitude of weapons in an area that has seen decades of war. As the terror group has seized territory in Iraq and Syria and defeated local security forces, it has grabbed American, Chinese, and Soviet-style weaponry, including arms dating back to the 1970s and newer American M-16 rifles. Especially after conquering Mosul, Iraq, ISIS fighters inherited a wide array of modern internationally manufactured weapons. Reportedly, these include American Humvees, artillery pieces, tanks, and even black hawk helicopters. 

Beyond battlefield weaponry, ISIS has begun to experiment with more unconventional warfare, with the aim of launching attacks against civilians in Western cities.

In early January, Sky News obtained eight hours of video smuggled out of Raqqa, Syria, by an ISIS defector. The video—meant to instruct ISIS sympathizers in Europe and elsewhere—details how to build a driverless car equipped with a bomb, assemble various types of explosives, and repurpose anti-aircraft missiles. The self-driving car would contain a mannequin fitted with a thermal suit to outwit car bomb security scanners—regularly deployed in Western countries near government and military buildings—into registering that there is a driver inside.

The video was filmed in ISIS’s new “research center” in Raqqa, where engineers have been plotting to export the group’s violence to the West. Many of these engineers are Western foreign fighters who provide ISIS with valuable technical and scientific skills.

What may be a sober consideration for Western defense agencies are reportedly thousands of anti-aircraft missiles recommissioned by the research center. The terror group was rumored to have non-operational anti-aircraft missiles in the past, but it is now believed ISIS has discovered a way to make them functional again by maintaining their thermal batteries. This development could potentially change the battlefield calculations of future confrontations with the Islamist terror group.

The discovery of the video from Raqqa’s research center follows a December 2015 briefing from the European parliament on ISIS’s alleged attainment of non-conventional weapons. While the memo pointed out that ISIS has thus far utilized car bombs, suicide belts, and automatic weapons, it warned that EU states should prepare for the “genuine risk” of ISIS using chemical or biological weapons against targets in the EU.

Authorities have long posited the use of chemical weapons by ISIS. Reports from Iraq and Syria have detailed the treatment of patients with burns associated with mustard gas and neurotoxic acids. Former FBI agent Timothy Gil Sr. told Fox News in January that he believed ISIS operatives had experimented with chemical weapons inside Iraq and Syria with the intent to share their expertise—over social media—with potential lone wolf attackers in the West. Earlier this month, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons confirmed that mustard gas had been used against Kurdish fighters last August, with an American diplomat alleging that ISIS was behind the attack.

Since the November 2015 Paris attacks, ISIS propaganda videos have repeatedly warned about an imminent attack on a major European city. While the group’s recent attacks in Paris, Beirut, and Ankara have depended on explosives and Kalashnikovs, it’s clear that ISIS has the intent—and perhaps now the capability—to stage an attack using deadlier weaponry.

While ISIS’s continued barbarism is revolting, its ambition and technical capabilities give it an even greater potential to spread death and suffering. There is certainty that the group has every intention to continue its reign of terror in its self-styled provinces, as well as in the EU, and in America. It would be dangerous for public officials and civilians alike to fail to appreciate the group’s true military aspirations.